Nicolas-Jacques Cont矇 (August 4, 1755 - December 6, 1805) was a French painter, balloonist, army officer, and inventor of the modern pencil. Napoleon called him "a universal man with taste, understanding and genius capable of creating the arts of France in the middle of the Arabian Desert." invented the modern pencil lead at the request of Lazare Nicolas Marguerite Carnot. The French Republic was at that time under economic blockade and unable to import graphite from Great Britain, the main source of the material. Carnot asked Cont矇 to create a pencil that did not rely on foreign imports. After several days of research, Cont矇 had the idea of mixing powdered graphite with clay and pressing the material between two half-cylinders of wood. Thus was formed the modern pencil. Cont矇 received a patent for the invention in 1795, and formed la Soci矇t矇 Cont矇 to make them. He also invented the cont矇 crayon named after him, a hard pastel stick used by artists. He died in 1805 at the age of 50.