Alexis Carrel (June 28, 1873 - November 5, 1944) was a French surgeon and biologist. Between 1901 and 1910 Carrel developed a new techniques for suturing blood vessels called "triangulation", which was inspired by sewing lessons he took and led to his Nobel Prize in 1912. He co-authored a book with famed pilot Charles A. Lindbergh, The Culture of Organs, and worked with Lindbergh in the mid-1930s to create the "perfusion pump," which allowed living organs to exist outside of the body during surgery. In 1935, Carrel published a book titled L'Homme, cet inconnu (Man, The Unknown), which became a best-seller. It contained his own social prescriptions, advocating, in part, that mankind could better itself by following the guidance of an elite group of intellectuals, and by implementing a regime of enforced eugenics. He was a regent for the French Foundation for the Study of Human Problems during the Nazi occupation of Vichy France which implemented the eugenics policies there; his association with the Foundation led to allegations of collaborating with the Nazis. He died in 1944 (before he could be tried for treason) at the age of 71.