Coloured magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan of a recurrent vulvar carcinoma in a 76 year old female patient following a previous surgery. This cancer can develop from the skin, mucous membranes or glandular tissue of the vulva. Risk factors include infection with the human papillomavirus (HPV), increasing age, smoking and immunodeficiency. Symptoms of vulvar carcinoma may include abnormal bumps, itching, burning or pain. Treatment may include surgery, radiation therapy or chemotherapy.