Illustration of the US-Austrian theoretical chemist Martin Karplus (born 1930). Karplus undertook his PhD at the California Institute of Technology, USA, under Linus Pauling. He was awarded the 2013 Nobel Prize in Chemistry, along with the British-US biophysicist Michael Levitt and the US-Israeli biochemist Arieh Warshel, for their work on using computer simulations to model complex chemical systems.