Bashi-Bazouk Singing, 1868. An Albanian soldier, called an Arnaut, is seated beside his hookah (water pipe), playing an oud (a lute-like instrument) accompanied by the cawing of a pet raven perched on its cage. Seated in the background are three Bashi-Bazouks, or members of the Ottoman Empires irregular troops, who were noted for their ferocity. G?r?me visited Greece and Turkey in 1854, sailed up the Nile River in 1857, and returned to the Near East on a number of occasions. Much of his work was devoted to "orientalist" paintings, which he imbued with a sense of reality by providing a wealth of details. However, paintings in this genre stereotype their subjects and often have a racist message.