Illustration of the Italian theoretical physicist Giorgio Parisi (born 1948). Parisi is best known for his work on spin-glasses, disordered magnetic states, whose configurations were very difficult to calculate. He developed a mathematical technique to describe them that was also applicable to other complex systems across many disciplines including biology, neuroscience and machine learning. He was awarded a share of the 2021 Nobel Prize in Physics for this work along with Syukuro Manabe and Klaus Hasselmann.