Illustrations of a transfusion device (top left) designed by French obstetrician Charles Pajot (1816-1896) and two methods used to deliver a direct blood transfusion. At top right, a woman who has recently given birth is given a transfusion using Aveling's Apparatus. This was designed by the obstetrician James Hobson Aveling for emergency transfusions. Blood is forced from the donor to the recipient by squeezing the bulb at the centre of the rubber tube connecting them. At bottom is a depiction of the transfusion given by Dr Roussel of Geneva to a woman on 7 February 1882 after the birth of premature twins in December 1881. From Histoire des accouchements chez tous les peuples by Gustave Joseph Witkowski (1887).