Peking opera or Beijing opera (ㄊ?; traditional Chinese: ㄊ粿; pinyin: J?ngj?) is a form of traditional Chinese theatre which combines music, vocal performance, mime, dance, and acrobatics. It arose in the late 18th century and became fully developed and recognized by the mid-19th century. The form was extremely popular in the Qing dynasty court and has come to be regarded as one of the cultural treasures of China. Major performance troupes are based in Beijing and Tianjin in the north, and Shanghai in the south. The art form is also preserved in Taiwan, where it is known as Guoju (瓣粿; pinyin: Gu?j?). It has also spread to other countries such as the United States and Japan.