MFR348319 Original set of Napier\'s Bones with fitted case and contemporary publication, 1685 (boxwood) by English School, (17th century); Private Collection; (add.info.: created by Scottish mathematician John Napier (1550-1617); also known as Napier\'s rods; abacus comprised of ten strips of wood corresponding to digits 0 to 9; facilitating multiplication and division; manually-operated calculating device created by John Napier of Merchiston for calculation of products and quotients of numbers. The method was based on Arab mathematics and the lattice multiplication used by Matrakci Nasuh in the Umdet-ul Hisab and Fibonacci\'s work in his Liber Abaci. The technique was also called Rabdology. Napier published his version in 1617 ); English, out of copyright.