Indian elephant, Elephas maximus indicus, and African bush elephant, Loxodonta africana.. Handcolored copperplate stipple engraving from Frederic Cuvier's Dictionary of Natural Science: Mammals, Paris, France, 1816. Illustration by J. G. Pretre, engraved by Joyeau, directed by Pierre Jean-Francois Turpin, and published by F.G. Levrault. Jean Gabriel Pretre (1780-1845) was painter of natural history at Empress Josephine's zoo and later became artist to the Museum of Natural History.