An aerial view of villagers congregating in the village square of a remote mountain village in Morobe Province. Papua New Guinea. The steep walk-track on the second ridge connects to the village on the top of that ridge. Denuded mountain-sides are caused by slash-and-burn clearing for village food gardens. Pristine rainforest on far ridges shows the beginnings of new slash-and-burn clearings, and the beginning of a new cycle of deforestation, as garden areas are replaced by mid-altitude grassland with much reduced biodiversity.