?tienne-Jules Marey (1830-1904) photographed by Nadar. Marey was a French scientist, physiologist and chronophotographer. He started by studying blood circulation in the human body. Then shifted to analyzing heart beats, respiration, muscles (myography), and movement of the body. He adopted and further developed animated photography into a separate field of chronophotography in the 1880s. His revolutionary idea was to record several phases of movement on one photographic surface. In 1882 he made his chronophotographic gun, an instrument was capable of taking 12 consecutive frames a second. His research on how to capture and display moving images helped the emerging field of cinematography.