Ambroise Par矇 (1510 - December 20, 1590) was a French surgeon, anatomist and inventor. He was royal surgeon for kings Henry II, Francis II, Charles IX and Henry III and is considered one of the fathers of surgery and modern forensic pathology. These elegant tools for scraping and shaving damaged bone were Par矇's own designs, but they have a long and distinguished ancestry, which he readily acknowledged. Chief among those who influenced him was the great medieval French surgeon Guy de Chauliac. The 1585 edition of Par矇's Oeuvres (Collected Works) represents the final summary of his life's work. It has over twelve hundred folio pages, with nearly four hundred illustrations drawing upon a lifetime of practice.