Justus Lipsius (Joose Lips or Josse Lips) (October 18, 1547 -March 23, 1606) was a Belgian philologist and humanist. He wrote a series of works designed to revive ancient Stoicism in a form that would be compatible with Christianity. The most famous of these is De Constantia (On Constancy). His form of Stoicism influenced a number of contemporary thinkers, creating the intellectual movement of Neostoicism. He taught at the universities in Jena, Leiden and Leuven. His ideas about the ideal citizen, a man that acts according to reason, is answerable to himself, is in control of his emotions, and is ready to fight, found wide acceptance in the turbulent times of the Reformation. This Lipsian view, translated to politics, entails rationalization of the state and its apparatus of government, autocratic rule by the prince, discipline dispensed to subjects, and strong military defense. These principles lie at the foundation of the early modern state. He died in 1606 at the age of 58.