Phrenology is the science which studies the relationships between a person's character and the morphology of the skull. It is a very ancient object of study. The first philosopher to locate mental faculties in the head was in fact Aristotle. The real scientific Phrenology, which established a direct link between the morphology of the skull and the human character, was discovered by Franz Joseph Gall an Austrian physician. He was one of the first to consider the brain as the home of all mental activities. The device pictured here is the Psychograph or Phrenometer which measured 32 points to a 5 point scale ranging from deficient to very superior. Photograph originally captioned: You ought to have your head examined. Antique phrenology machine, 1905 .