One of Gaspare Tagliacozzi's methods for replacing a missing nose. Here we see the healed patient with a new nose (C, B) and a missing section of skin (E) on his upper arm. This skin has been used to form his new nose. Gaspare Tagliacozzi (1547-1599) was an Italian plastic surgeon. Although reconstructive surgery had been practiced for years, with documented procedures in ancient India, Tagliacozzi popularized the field of plastic surgery, and particularly rhinoplasty, in the 16th century. His book on plastic surgery, in which this illustration appears, is called De Curtorum Chirurgia Per Institionem (1597).