Tani Buncho (? ??; October 15; 1763 - January 6; 1841) was a Japanese literatus (bunjin) painter and poet. He was the son of the poet Tani Rokkoku (1729-1809). As his family were retainers of the Tayasu Family; descendents of the eighth Tokugawa shogun; Buncho inherited samurai status and received a stipend to meet the responsibilities this entailed.

In his youth he began studying the painting techniques of the Kano school under Kato Bunrei (1706-82). After Bunrei's death; Buncho worked with masters of other schools; such as the literati painter Kitayama Kangen (1767-1801); and developed a wide stylistic range that included many Chinese; Japanese and European idioms.

He rose to particular prominence as the retainer of Matsudaira Sadanobu (1759-1829); genetic son of the Tayasu who was adopted into the Matsudaira family before becoming chief senior councilor (roju shuza; ????) of the Tokugawa Shogunate in 1787.

Buncho is best known for his idealized landscapes in the literati style (Nanga or Bunjinga). Unlike most bunjinga painters of his time; however; Buncho was an extremely eclectic artist; painting idealized Chinese landscapes; actual Japanese sites; and poetically-inspired traditional scenery. He also painted portraits of his contemporaries; as well as imagined images of such Chinese literati heroes as Su Shi and Tao Yuanming.