Arthur Neville Chamberlain FRS (18 March 1869 - 9 November 1940) was a British Conservative politician who served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from May 1937 to May 1940.

Chamberlain is best known for his appeasement foreign policy; and in particular for his signing of the Munich Agreement in 1938; conceding the German-speaking Sudetenland region of Czechoslovakia to Germany. However; when Adolf Hitler later invaded Poland; the UK declared war on Germany on 3 September 1939; and Chamberlain led Britain through the first eight months of World War II.

Adolf Hitler (20 April 1889 - 30 April 1945) was a German politician of Austrian origin who was the leader of the Nazi Party (NSDAP); Chancellor of Germany from 1933 to 1945; and F黨rer ('leader') of Nazi Germany from 1934 to 1945.

As dictator of Nazi Germany he initiated World War II in Europe and was a central figure of the Holocaust.