Illustration of view of Makauwahi Sinkhole from the southwest side as it might have appeared 3000 years ago, prior to human arrival. On left side, a flock of turtle-jawed moa-nalo (Chelychelynechen quassus) - extinct - graze kawelu grass (Eragrostis variabilis) and the orange fruits of maiapilo (Capparis sandwichiana). A pair of Kauai finches (Loxiodes kickuchi) and a flightless rail (Porzana sp.) are on the ground in front. Immediately above, a Kaua`i (Moho braccatus) - extinct - is fleeing the stilt owl (Grallistrix auceps) - extinct. A flock of the medium Kaua`i goose (Branta hylabadistes) with fighting males is in the background - threatened/endangered. On the right panel, the extinct long-legged Kaua`i owl (Grallistrix auceps) scatters a Kona finch (Chloridops wahi) and Palila (Loxioides bailleui). Landing on the pond are Laysan teal (Anas laysanensis) - threatened/endangered - while Hawaiian coot (Fulica alai) - threatened/endangered - feed in the water. Flying overhead are I`o or Hawaiian hawk (Buteo solitarius) - threatened/endangered - , great frigatebird (Fregata minor), Newellas or Hawaiian shearwater (Puffinus auricularis newelli) - threatened/endangered, nene (Branta sandwicensis) - threatened/endangered, and Hawaiian or bonin petrel (Pterodroma hypoleuca). Lower right corner: leaves of Kokia kauaensis, Blackburnia beetle (left) and Rhyncogonus weevil; on trunk of Pritchardia palm; hoopoe-billed akialoa ?Akialoa upupirostris) and endemic Carelia land snail (Wildlife Art Company).