Bubble universes. Conceptual artwork of several 'bubble' universes formed in the early universe. The term Big Bang describes the expansion of all the matter in the universe from an infinitely compact state 13.7 billion years ago. The inflationary theory proposes that during the Big Bang, conditions known as a false vacuum created a repulsive force that caused an incredibly rapid expansion, much faster than the ordinary expansion observed today. Since this expansion is faster than the speed of light, areas of inflation would form bubbles that would be completely isolated from each other.