Heart surgery patient. Baby in intensive care after open heart surgery. The hood over the baby's head maintains an oxygen-rich environment to aid the baby's recovery. Open heart surgery may be needed to replace defective heart valves, to repair a hole in the heart, or to bypass a diseased region of heart muscle. Babies born with congenital heart defects may require such treatment to allow them to survive. Photographed at Narayana Hrudayalaya hospital in Bangalore, India. This hospital was founded by Devi Shetty, a cardiac surgeon who performed the first ever open heart surgery on an infant in India.