Isaac Newton. Engraving of Sir Isaac Newton (1642- 1727), English physicist, mathematician and alchemist. As a mathematician he discovered the binomial theorem and developed differential and integral calculus. As a physicist he devised laws of motion, formulated the general theory of gravitation and wrote on optics. As an astronomer he invented the reflecting telescope. Newton wrote extensively on alchemy and tried in vain to discover a philosopher's stone" which would convert common metals into gold. Newton calculated the year of biblical Creation as being 3500 BC and wrote extensively on the biblical prophesies of Daniel and the Apocalypse."