Earliest portrait of the English physicist and mathematician Sir Isaac Newton (1642-1727). Newton was a talented mathematician, discovering the binomial theorem and developing at the same time as Leibniz but independently, the calculus. In 1687 he published the most important and influential scientific book ever written: Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica", the Mathematical Principles of Natural Phylosophy. In this book Newton formulated the three foundamental laws of motion and estabilished, using the mathematical devices that he invented, the theory of gravitation."