Ernest Just (1883-1941), Afro-American biologist. Just was born in South Carolina, USA, and was academically brilliant. In 1907, he was the only person to graduate magna cum laude from Dartmouth College with a degree in zoology, special honours in botany and history and honours in sociology. In 1916, Just recieved his PhD from Chicago in experimental embryology. His thesis was on the mechanics of fertilisation. Just carried out research between 1909-1930 at the Marine Biological Laboratory in Massachusetts. This gained Just international recognition and enabled him in 1922 to successfully challenge Loeb's theory of artificial parthenogenesis.