Cranial nerves, historical anatomical artwork. This is an anterior (front) view of a man's neck and upper torso, which has been dissected to show the paths of the twelve cranial nerves (white). The cranial nerves emerge in the brainstem at the base of the brain, and mediate the movements and senses of the face and head. The vagus nerve, the 10th cranial nerve, extends to the abdomen, innervating the larynx, heart and digestive system. This dissection also shows the bronchi branching into the lungs, and in the abdomen, the oesophagus opening into the stomach. This illustration is taken from the 19th century French textbook The Atlas of Human Anatomy and Surgery by J. M. Bourgery and N. H. Jacob.